Immunological and Antigenic Signatures Associated with Chronic Illnesses after COVID-19 Vaccination (2025)

Competing Interest Statement

In the past three years, H.M.K. received expenses and/or personal fees from United Health, Element Science, Eyedentifeye and F-Prime; he is a co-founder of Refactor Health, HugoHealth and MedRxiv; and is associated with contracts, through Yale New Haven Hospital, from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and through Yale University from the Food and Drug Administration, Johnson & Johnson, Google and Pfizer. A.I. co-founded and consults for RIGImmune, Xanadu Bio and PanV and is a member of the Board of Directors of Roche Holding and Genentech.

Funding Statement

This study was funded in part by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Collaborative COVID-19 Initiative.

Author Declarations

I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.

Yes

The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:

This study was approved by the Yale University Institutional Review Board on April 1, 2022 (HIC# 2000032207). Informed consent was provided by participants electronically. Each participant was assigned a unique identifier as part of the de-identification protocol managed by the study coordinator. These identifiers were kept confidential and were not accessible to anyone outside the research team. A subset of the MY-LC cohort approved by the Mount Sinai Program for the Protection of Human Subjects (#20-01758) were included for validation of one of the assays.

I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.

Yes

I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).

Yes

I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable.

Yes